-
1 गन्धर्व
gandharvám. a Gandharva <though in later times the Gandharvas are regarded as a class, yet in RV. rarely more than one is mentioned;
he is designated as the heavenly Gandharva ( divyág- RV. IX, 86, 36 and X, 139, 5),
andﾠ is alsoﾠ called Viṡvā-vasu ( RV. X, 85, 21 and 22;139, 4 and 5) andﾠ Vāyu-keṡa (in pl. RV. III, 38, 6);
his habitation is the sky, orﾠ the region of the air andﾠ the heavenly waters
( RV. I, 22, 14; VIII, 77, 5; IX, 85, 12; 86, 36; X, 10, 4 AV. II, 2, 3);
his especial duty is to guard the heavenly Soma RV. IX, 83, 4 and 85, 12,
which the gods obtain through his intervention RV. AV. VII, 73, 3 ; cf. RV. I, 22, 14 ;
it is obtained for the human race by Indra, who conquers the Gandharva andﾠ takes it by force ( RV. VIII, 1, 11 and 77, 5);
the heavenly Gandharva is supposed to be a good physician, because the Soma is considered as the best medicine;
possibly, however, the word Soma originally denoted not the beverage so called, but the moon, andﾠ the heavenly Gandharva may have been the genius orﾠ tutelary deity of the moon;
in one passage RV. IX, 86, 36 the heavenly Gandharva andﾠ the Soma are identified;
he is alsoﾠ regarded as one of the genii who regulate the course of the Sun's horses
i, 163, 2; X, 177, 2; cf. 135, 5 ;
he knows andﾠ makes known the secrets of heaven andﾠ divine truths generally
( X, 139, 5 and 6 AV. II, 1, 2; XX, 128, 3 VS. XI, 1; XXXII, 9);
he is the parent of the first pair of human beings, Yama andﾠ Yamī RV. X, 10, 4),
andﾠ has a peculiar mystical power over women andﾠ a right to possess them RV. X, 85, 21 and 22; 40 and 41 ;
for this reason he is invoked in marriage ceremonies AV. XIV, 2, 35 and 36 ;
ecstatic states of mind andﾠ possession by evil spirits are supposed to be derived from the heavenly Gandharva (cf. - gṛihīta, - graha);
the Gandharvas as a class have the same characteristic features as the one Gandharva;
they live in the sky RV. AV. ṠBr. XIV,
guard the Soma RV. IX, 113, 3 ṠBr. III AitBr. I, 27,
are governed by Varuṇa (just as the Apsarasas are governed by Soma) ṠBr. XIII ĀṡvṠr. X, 7, 3,
know the best medicines AV. VIII, 7, 23 VS. XII, 98,
regulate the course of the asterisms ( AV. XIII, 1, 23 BhP. IV, 29, 21 ;
hence twenty-seven are mentioned VS. IX, 7),
follow after women andﾠ are desirous of intercourse with them (AV. ṠBr. III) ;
as soon as a girl becomes marriageable, she belongs to Soma, the Gandharvas, andﾠ Agni Gṛihyās. II, 19 f. Pañcat. Suṡr. ;
the wives of the Gandharvas are the Apsarasas
(cf. gandharvâ̱psarás),
andﾠ like them the Gandharvas are invoked in gambling with dice AV. VII, 109, 5 ;
they are alsoﾠ feared as evil beings together with the Rākshasas, Kimīdins, Piṡācas, etc., amulets being worn as a protection against them ( AV. Suṡr.);
they are said to have revealed the Vedas to Vāc
( ṠBr. III ; cf. PārGṛ. II, 12, 2),
andﾠ are called the preceptors of the Ṛishis ṠBr. XI ;
Purūravas is called among them ( ib.);
in epic poetry the Gandharvas are the celestial musicians orﾠ heavenly singers (cf. RV. X, 177, 2)
who form the orchestra at the banquets of the gods, andﾠ they belong together with the Apsarasas to Indra's heaven, sharing alsoﾠ in his battles;
Yājñ. I, 71 MBh. Hariv. etc..; cf. RTL. p. 238 ;
in the more systematic mythology the Gandharvas constitute one of the classes into which the higher creation is divided
(i.e. gods, manes, Gandharvas AV. XI, 5, 2 ;
orﾠ gods, Asuras, Gandharvas, men TS. VII, 8, 25, 2 ;
cf. ṠBr. X ;
orﾠ gods, men, Gandharvas, Apsarasas, Sarpas, andﾠ manes AitBr. III, 31, 5 ;
for other enumerations cf. Nir. III, 8 Mn. I, 37 RTL. p. 237 ;
III, 196; VII, 23; XII, 47 Nal. etc..);
divine andﾠ human Gandharvas are distinguished
( TUp. II, 8 the divine orﾠ Deva-Gandharvas are enumerated MBh. I, 2550 ff. and 4810 ff.);
another passage names 11 classes of Gandharvas (TĀr. I, 9, 3) ;
the chief orﾠ leader of the Gandharvas is named Citra-ratha Bhag. X, 26 ;
they are called the creatures of Prajāpati Mn. I, 37 ;
orﾠ of Brahmā. Hariv. 11793 orﾠ of Kaṡyapa 11850 ;
orﾠ of the Munis MBh. I, 2550 Hariv. 11553 ;
orﾠ of Prādhā MBh. I, 2556 ;
orﾠ of Arishṭā Hariv. 234 VP. I, 21 orﾠ of Vāc ( PadmaP.);
with Jainas the Gandharvas constitute one of the eight classes of the Vyantaras>;
N. of the attendant of the 17th Arhat of the present Avasarpiṇī L. ;
a singer VarBṛS. LXXXVII, 33 BhP. I, 11, 21 ;
the Koïl orﾠ black cuckoo L. ;
a sage, pious man Mahīdh. on VS. XXXII, 9 ;
a horse MBh. III, 11762 ;
cf. II, 1043 ;
the musk deer (derived fr. gandha) L. ;
the soul after death andﾠ previous to its being born again (corresponding in some respects to the western notion of a ghost) L. ;
N. of the 14th Kalpa orﾠ period of the world VāyuP. I, 21, 30 ;
of the 21st Muhūrta Sūryapr. ;
of a Svara orﾠ tone (for gāndhāra?) Hariv. II, 120, 4 ;
m. pl. the Gandharvas ( seeﾠ above);
N. of a people (named together with the Gāndhāras) R. VII, 100, 10 f. and 101, 2 ff. and 11 VarBṛS. XIV, 31 ;
(ā) f. Durgā Hariv. II, 120, 4 (v.l. gāndharvī);
(ī́) f. Gandharvī (daughter of Surabhi andﾠ mother of the race of horses MBh. I, 2631 f. R. III, 20, 28 f. VāyuP.)
RV. X, 11, 2 R. ;
night BhP. IV, 29, 21 ;
+ cf. Gk. κένταυρος fr. κενθαργγος
- गन्धर्वकन्या
- गन्धर्वखण्ड
- गन्धर्वगृहीत
- गन्धर्वग्रह
- गन्धर्वतैल
- गन्धर्वत्व
- गन्धर्वदत्ता
- गन्धर्वनगर
- गन्धर्वपत्नी
- गन्धर्वपद
- गन्धर्वपुर
- गन्धर्वराज
- गन्धर्वर्तु
- गन्धर्वलोक
- गन्धर्वविद्या
- गन्धर्वविवाह
- गन्धर्ववेद
- गन्धर्वहस्त
- गन्धर्वहस्तक
- गन्धर्वाप्सरस्
- गन्धर्वेष्ठा
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2 ber-serkr
s, m., pl. ir: [the etymology of this word has been much contested; some—upon the authority of Snorri, hans menn fóru ‘brynjulausir,’ Hkr. i. 11—derive it from ‘berr’ ( bare) and ‘serkr’ [cp. sark, Scot. for shirt]; but this etymology is inadmissible, because ‘serkr’ is a subst. not an adj.: others derive it from ‘berr’ (Germ. bär = ursus), which is greatly to be preferred, for in olden ages athletes and champions used to wear hides of bears, wolves, and reindeer (as skins of lions in the south), hence the names Bjálfi, Bjarnhéðinn, Úlfhéðinn, (héðinn, pellis,)—‘pellibus aut parvis rhenonum tegimentis utuntur,’ Caes. Bell. Gall. vi. 22: even the old poets understood the name so, as may be seen in the poem of Hornklofi (beginning of 10th century), a dialogue between a Valkyrja and a raven, where the Valkyrja says, at berserkja reiðu vil ek þik spyrja, to which the raven replies, Úlfhéðnar heita, they are called Wolfcoats, cp. the Vd. ch. 9; þeir berserkir er Úlfhéðnar vóru kallaðir, þeir höfðu vargstakka ( coats of wild beasts) fyrir brynjur, Fs. 17]:—a ‘bear-sark,’ ‘bear-coat,’ i. e. a wild warrior or champion of the heathen age; twelve berserkers are mentioned as the chief followers of several kings of antiquity, e. g. of the Dan. king Rolf Krake, Edda 82; a Swed. king, Gautr. S. Fas. iii. 36; king Adils, Hrólf. Kr. S. ch. 16 sqq.; Harald Hárfagri, Eg. ch. 9, Grett. ch. 2, Vd. l. c. (Hornklofi, v. above); the twelve sons of Arngrim, Hervar. S. ch. 3–5, Hdl. 22, 23; the two berserkers sent as a present by king Eric at Upsala to earl Hakon of Norway, and by him presented to an Icel. nobleman, Eb. ch. 25. In battle the berserkers were subject to fits of frenzy, called berserks-gangr (furor bersercicus, cp. the phrase, ganga berserksgang), when they howled like wild beasts, foamed at the mouth and gnawed the iron rim of their shields; during these fits they were, according to popular belief, proof against steel and fire, and made great havoc in the ranks of the enemy; but when the fever abated they were weak and tame. A graphical description of the ‘furor bersercicus’ is found in the Sagas, Yngl. S. ch. 6, Hervar. S. l. c., Eg. ch. 27, 67, Grett. ch. 42, Eb. ch. 25, Nj. ch. 104, Kristni S. ch. 2, 8 (Vd. ch. 46); cp. also a passage in the poem of Hornklofi | grenjuðu berserkir, | guðr var þeim á sinnum, | emjaðu Úlfhéðnar | ok ísarn gniiðu—which lines recall to the mind Roman descriptions of the Cimbric war-cry. In the Icel. Jus Eccles. the berserksgangr, as connected with the heathen age, is liable to the lesser outlawry, K. Þ. K. 78; it is mentioned as a sort of possession in Vd. ch. 37, and as healed by a vow to God. In the Dropl. S. Major (in MS.) it is medically described as a disease (v. the whole extract in the essay ‘De furore Bersercico,’ Kristni S. old Ed. in cake); but this Saga is modern, probably of the first part of the 17th century. The description of these champions has a rather mythical character. A somewhat different sort of berserker is also recorded in Norway as existing in gangs of professional bullies, roaming about from house to house, challenging husbandmen to ‘holmgang’ ( duel), extorting ransom (leysa sik af hólmi), and, in case of victory, carrying off wives, sisters, or daughters; but in most cases the damsel is happily rescued by some travelling Icelander, who fights and kills the berserker. The most curious passages are Glúm, ch. 4, 6, Gísl. ch. 1 (cp. Sir Edm. Head’s and Mr. Dasent’s remarks in the prefaces), Grett. ch. 21, 42, Eg. ch. 67, Flóam. S. ch. 15, 17; according to Grett. ch. 21, these banditti were made outlaws by earl Eric, A. D. 1012. It is worth noticing that no berserker is described as a native of Icel.; the historians are anxious to state that those who appeared in Icel. (Nj., Eb., Kr. S. l. c.) were born Norse (or Swedes), and they were looked upon with fear and execration. That men of the heathen age were taken with fits of the ‘furor athleticus’ is recorded in the case of Thorir in the Vd., the old Kveldulf in Eg., and proved by the fact that the law set a penalty upon it. Berserkr now and then occurs as a nickname, Glúm. 378. The author of the Yngl. S. attributes the berserksgangr to Odin and his followers, but this is a sheer misinterpretation, or perhaps the whole passage is a rude paraphrase of Hm. 149 sqq. In the old Hbl. 37 berserkr and giant are used synonymously. The berserkers are the representatives of mere brute force, and it therefore sounds almost blasphemous, when the Norse Barl. S. speaks of Guðs berserkr (a ‘bear-coat’ or champion of God), (Jesus Kristr gleymdi eigi hólmgöngu sins berserks), 54, 197. With the introduction of Christianity this championship disappeared altogether. -
3 Vat Dyes
Vat dyes are fast, especially to washing. They are called vat dyes because, being originally insoluble in water, they undergo special preparation in large vats, where they are made soluble by the action of caustic soda and hyposulphite. In this liquor the fabrics are treated. Certain other chemicals are added which change the dyestuff back to the insoluble form in the fibre. This is called the fixing process. -
4 Land
1) ( Staat) country, state, nation;aus aller Herren Länder[n] from all corners of the earth;\Land und Leute the country and its people;andere Länder, andere Sitten every country has its own customs;das \Land der unbegrenzten Möglichkeiten the land of opportunity;das \Land der aufgehenden Sonne the land of the rising sun;das \Land der Verheißung, das Gelobte \Land the promised land;das Heilige \Land the Holy Land;durch die \Lande ziehen ( geh) to travel around;außer \Landes abroad, out of the country;bei jdm zu \Lande where sb comes from, in sb's country2) ( Bundesland) federal state3) naut land;\Land in Sicht! land ahoy!;\Land unter! ( NORDD) land under water!;zu \Lande und zu Wasser on land and at sea;an \Land gehen, \Land sehen to sight land, to go ashore;jdn an \Land setzen to put sb ashore;jdn/etw an \Land spülen to wash sb/sth ashore;jdn/etw an \Land ziehen to pull sb/sth ashore;an \Land akk ashoredas \Land bestellen to till the soilaufs \Land ziehen to move to the country;auf dem \Land[e] in the countryWENDUNGEN:das \Land, wo Milch und Honig fließt the land of milk and honey;bleibe im \Lande und nähre dich redlich ( prov) enjoy the trappings of home;[wieder] \Land sehen ( fam) to get things sorted [again];endlich sehe ich wieder \Land I'm finally getting things sorted again;die Jahre zogen ins \Land the years went by¿Kultur?The representative bodies in nearly all the Länder - states of Germany and provinces of Austria are called Landtage - state or provincial parliaments. Only in Hamburg and Bremen are they called Bürgerschaften - city parliaments; in Berlin it is the Abgeordnetenhaus - house of representatives, and in Vienna the Gemeinderat - city council. In Switzerland, depending on the canton, they are called either Kantonsrat or Landsrat - cantonal council or Großer Rat - great council. -
5 आर्य _ārya
आर्य a. [ऋ-ण्यत्]1 Āryan, an inhabitant of आर्यावर्त, N. of the race migrated into India in Vedic times.-2 Worthy of an Ārya.-3 Worthy, venerable, respectable, honourable, noble, high; यदार्यमस्यामभिलाषि मे मनः Ś.1.22; R.2.33; so आर्यवेषः respectable dress; oft. used in theatrical language as an honorific adjective and a respectful mode of address; आर्यचाणक्यः, आर्या अरुन्धती &c.; आर्य revered or honoured Sir; आर्ये revered or honoured lady. The following rules are laid down for the use of आर्य in addressing persons:-- (1) वाच्यौ नटीसूत्रधारावार्यनाम्ना परस्परम् । (2) वयस्येत्युत्तमैर्वाच्यो मध्यैरार्येति चाग्रजः । (3) (वक्तव्यो) अमात्य आर्येति चेतरैः । (4) स्वेच्छया नामभिर्विप्रैर्विप्र आर्येति चेतरैः । S. D.431.-4 Noble, fine, excellent.-र्यः 1 N. of the Hindu and Iranian people, as distinguished from अनार्य, दस्यु and दास; विजानीह्यार्यान्ये च दस्यवः Rv.1.51.8.-2 A man who is faithful to the religion and laws of his country; कर्तव्यमाचरन् कार्यमकर्तव्यमनाचरन् । तिष्ठति प्रकृताचारे स वा आर्य इति स्मृतः ॥-3 N. of the first three castes (as opp. to शूद्र).-4 res- pectable or honourable man, esteemed person; वृत्तेन हि भवत्यार्यो न धनेन न विद्यया Mb.; परमार्यः परमां कृपां बभार Bu. Ch.5.6.-5 A man of noble birth.-6 A man of noble character.-7 A master, owner.-8 A preceptor; वैमानि- कार्यसमभूमा Viś. Guṇā.124; Mu.3.33.-9 A friend.-1 A Vaiśya.-11 A father-in-law (as in आर्यपुत्र).-12 A Buddha.-13 (With the Buddhists) A man who has thought on the four chief principles of Buddhism and lives according to them.-14 A son of Manu Sāvarṇa.-र्या 1 N. of Pārvatī.-2 A mother-in-law.-3 A respectable woman; यत्रार्या रुदती भीता पाण़्डवानिदमब्रवीत् Mb.3.12.87.-4 N. of a metre; राजानमुद्दिश्य आर्यामिमां पपाठ K.˚गीतिः f. A variety of the Āry&amacr metre, see Appendix.-5That which comes from truth; आराद् याता तत्त्वेभ्य इति आर्या.-र्यम् 1 Virtue, sacredness; नहि दुष्टा- त्मनामार्यमावसत्यालये चिरम् Rām.3.5.12.-2 Discrimination (विवेक); कोपमार्येण यो हन्ति स वीरः पुरुषोत्तमः Rām.4.31.6.-Comp. -अष्टशतम् title of a work of Ārya Bhaṭṭa consisting of eight hundred verses.-आगमः The appro- aching an Ārya woman sexually; अन्त्यस्यार्यागमे वधः Y.2.294.-आवर्तः [आर्यां आवर्तन्ते अत्र] 'abode of the noble or excellent (Āryas)'; particularly N. of the tract extending from the eastern to the western ocean, and bounded on the north and south by the Himālaya and Vindhya respectively; cf. Ms..2.22; आ समुद्रात्तु वै पूर्वादा समुद्राच्च पश्चिमात् । तयोरेवान्तरं गिर्योः (हिमवद्विन्ध्ययोः) आर्यावर्तं विदुर्बुधाः ॥; also 1.34.-गृह्य a. [आर्यस्य गृह्यः पक्षः]1 to be respected by the noble.-2 a friend of the noble, readily accessible to honourable men; तमार्यगृह्यं निगृहीतधेनुः R.2.33.-3 respectable, right, decorous.-जुष्ट a. liked by or agreeable to noble ones.-देशः a country inhabited by the Āryas.-पुत्रः 1 son of an honourable man.-2 the son of a spiritual preceptor.-3 honorific designation of the son of the elder brother; of a husband by his wife; or of a prince by his general &c.-4 the son of the father-in-law, i. e. a husband (occurring in every drama; mostly in the vocative case in the last two senses).-प्राय a.1 inhabited by the Āryas.-2 a bounding with respectable people; Ms.7.69.-बलः N. of a Bodhisattva.-भट्टः N. of a renowned astronomer, the inventor of Algebra among the Hindus; he flourished before the 5th century of the Christian era. Hence his work is called आर्यभटीय.-भावः honourable character or behaviour.-मतिः One having a noble intellect; संक्षिप्तमार्यमतिना Sāṅ. K.71.-मार्गः the path or course of the respectable, a respectable way.-मिश्र a. respectable, worthy, distinguished. (-श्रः) a gentleman, a man of consequence; (pl.)1 worthy or respectable men, an assembly of honourable men; आर्य- मिश्रान् विज्ञापयामि V.1.-2 your reverence or honour (a respectful address); नन्वार्यमिश्रैः प्रथममेव आज्ञप्तम् Ś.1; आर्य- मिश्राः प्रमाणम् M.1.-युवन् m. an Āryan youth.-रूप a. having only the form of an Āryan, a hypocrite, impostor; आर्यरूपमिवानार्यं कर्मभिः स्वैर्विभावयेत् Ms.1.57.-लिङ्गिन् m. an impostor; Ms.9.26.-वाक् a. speaking the Aryan language; म्लेच्छवाचश्चार्यवाचः सर्वे ते दस्यवः स्मृताः Ms.1.45.-वृत्त a. virtuous, good, pious; Ms.9. 253; R.14.55. (-त्तम्) the conduct of an Āryan or nobleman; Ms.4.175.-वेश a. well-clothed, having a respectable dress, fine.-व्रत a. observing the laws and ordinances of the Āryans or noblemen. (-तम्) the duty of an Aryan.-शील a. Having an honest charac- ter.-श्वेतः a noble or honourable man.-संघः the whole body of the Āryans, especially Buddhists; it is also the name of a renowned philosopher (founder of the school of Yogāchāras).-सत्यम् a noble or sublime truth; (there are four such truths forming the chief principles of Buddhism. In Pāli they are called चत्तारि अरियसच्चानि. They are, (1) life is suffering, (2) Desire of life is the cause of suffering, (3) Extinction of that desire is the cessation of suffering, (4) The eightfold path leads to that extinction).-सिद्धान्तः N. of a work of आर्यभट्ट.-स्त्री An Āryan woman, or a woman of the first three castes.-हलम् ind. forcibly.-हृद्य a. liked by the noble. -
6 योग
yógam. (1. yuj;
ifc. f. ā) the act of yoking, joining, attaching, harnessing, putting to (of horses) RV. MBh. ;
a yoke, team, vehicle, conveyance ṠBr. Kauṡ. MBh. ;
employment, use, application, performance RV. etc. etc.;
equipping orﾠ arraying (of an army) MBh. ;
fixing (of an arrow on the bow-string) ib. ;
putting on (of armour) L. ;
a remedy, cure Suṡr. ;
a means, expedient, device, way, manner, method MBh. Kāv. etc.;
a supernatural means, charm, incantation, magical art ib. ;
a trick, stratagem, fraud, deceit Mn. Kathās. (cf. yoga-nanda);
undertaking, business, work RV. AV. TS. ;
acquisition, gain, profit, wealth, property ib. Kauṡ. MBh. ;
occasion, opportunity Kām. MārkP. ;
any junction, union, combination, contact with (instr. with orﾠ without saha, orﾠ comp.). MBh. Kāv. etc. ( yogam i, to agree, consent, acquiesce in anything R.);
mixing of various materials, mixture MBh. R. VarBṛS. ;
partaking of, possessing (instr. orﾠ comp.) Mn. R. Hariv. ;
connection, relation ( yogāt, yogena andﾠ yoga-tas ifc. in consequence of, on account of, by reason of, according to, through) KātyṠr. ṠvetUp. Mn. etc.;
putting together, arrangement, disposition, regular succession Kāṭh. ṠrS. ;
fitting together, fitness, propriety, suitability ( yogena andﾠ yoga-tas ind. suitably, fitly, duly, in the right manner) MBh. Kāv. etc.;
exertion, endeavour, zeal, diligence, industry, care, attention ( yoga-tas ind. strenuously, assiduously;
pūrṇenayogena, with all one's powers, with overflowing zeal) Mn. MBh. etc.;
application orﾠ concentration of the thoughts, abstract contemplation, meditation, (esp.) self-concentration, abstract meditation andﾠ mental abstraction practised as a system (as taught by Patañjali andﾠ called the Yoga philosophy;
it is the second of the two Sāṃkhya systems, its chief aim being to teach the means by which the human spirit may attain complete union with î ̱ṡvara orﾠ the Supreme Spirit;
in the practice of self-concentration it is closely connected with Buddhism) Up. MBh. Kāv. etc.. (IW. 92) ;
any simple act orﾠ rite conducive to Yoga orﾠ abstract meditation Sarvad. ;
Yoga personified (as the son of Dharma andﾠ Kriyā) BhP. ;
a follower of the Yoga system MBh. Ṡaṃk. ;
(in Sāṃkhya) the union of soul with matter (one of the 10 Mūlikârthās orﾠ radical facts) Tattvas. ;
(with Pāṡupatas) the union of the individual soul with the universal soul Kulârṇ. ;
(with Pāñcarātras) devotion, pious seeking after God Sarvad. ;
(with Jainas) contact orﾠ mixing with the outer world ib. ;
(in astron.) conjunction, lucky conjuncture Lāṭy. VarBṛS. MBh. etc.. ;
a constellation, asterism (these, with the moon, are called cāndra-yogāḥ andﾠ are 13 in number;
without the moon they are called kha-yogāḥ, orﾠ nābhasa-yogāḥ) VarBṛS. ;
the leading orﾠ principal star of a lunar asterism W. ;
N. of a variable division of time (during which the joint motion in longitude of the sun andﾠ moon amounts to 13 degrees 20 minutes;
there are 27 such Yogas. beginning with Vishkambha andﾠ ending with Vaidhṛiti) ib. ;
(in arithm.) addition, sum, total Sūryas. MBh. ;
(in gram.) the connection of words together, syntactical dependence of a word, construction Nir. Suṡr. (ifc. = dependent on, ruled by Pāṇ. 2-2, 8 Vārtt. 1);
a combined orﾠ concentrated grammatical rule orﾠ aphorism Pāṇ. Sch. Siddh. (cf. yoga-vibhāga);
the connection of a word with its root, original orﾠ etymological meaning (as opp. to rūḍhi q.v.) Nir. Pratāp. KātyṠr. Sch. ;
a violator of confidence, spy L. ;
N. of a Sch. on the Paramârthasāra;
(ā) f. N. of a Ṡakti Pañcar. ;
of Pīvarī (daughter of the Pitṛis called Barhishads) Hariv. ;
- योगकक्षा
- योगकन्या
- योगकर
- योगकरण्डक
- योगकल्पद्रुम
- योगकल्पलता
- योगकुण्डलिनी
- योगकुण्डल्युपनिषद्
- योगक्षेम
- योगगति
- योगगामिन्
- योगग्रन्थ
- योगचक्षुस्
- योगचन्द्रटीका
- योगचन्द्रिका
- योगचर
- योगचर्या
- योगचिकित्सा
- योगचिन्तामणी
- योगचूडामणि
- योगचूडामण्युपनिषद्
- योगचूडोपनिषद्
- योगचूर्ण
- योगज
- योगज्ञान
- योगतत्त्व
- योगतन्त्र
- योगतरंग
- योगतरंगिणी
- योगतल्प
- योगतस्
- योगतारका
- योगतारा
- योगत्व
- योगदण्ड
- योगदर्पण
- योगदान
- योगदीपिका
- योगदृष्टिसमुच्चयव्याख्या
- योगदेव
- योगधर्मिन्
- योगधारणा
- योगनन्द
- योगनाथ
- योगनाविक
- योगनिद्रा
- योगनिद्रालु
- योगनिलय
- योगंधर
- योगन्यास
- योगपट्ट
- योगपट्टक
- योगपति
- योगपत्नी
- योगपथ
- योगपद
- योगपदक
- योगपद्धति
- योगपातञ्जल
- योगपादुका
- योगपारंग
- योगपीठ
- योगप्रकार
- योगप्रकाशटीक
- योगप्रदीप
- योगप्रदीपिका
- योगप्रवेशविधि
- योगप्राप्त
- योगबल
- योगबिन्दुटिप्पण
- योगबीज
- योगभद्रा
- योगभारक
- योगभावना
- योगभाष्य
- योगभास्कर
- योगभ्रष्ट
- योगमञ्जरी
- योगमणिप्रदीपिका
- योगमणिप्रभा
- योगमय
- योगमहिमन्
- योगमातृ
- योगमाया
- योगमार्ग
- योगमार्तण्ड
- योगमाला
- योगमुक्तावली
- योगमूर्तिधर
- योगयाज्ञवल्क्य
- योगयाज्ञवल्क्यगीता
- योगयाज्ञवल्क्यस्मृति
- योगयात्रा
- योगयुक्त
- योगयुक्ति
- योगयुज्
- योगयोगिन्
- योगरङ्ग
- योगरत्न
- योगरथ
- योगरसायन
- योगरहस्य
- योगराज
- योगरूढ
- योगरूढिवाद
- योगरूढिविचार
- योगरोचना
- योगर्द्धिरूपवत्
- योगवत्
- योगवर्णन
- योगवर्तिका
- योगवह
- योगवाचस्पत्य
- योगवार्त्तिक
- योगवासिष्ठ
- योगवासिष्ठीय
- योगवाह
- योगवाहक
- योगवाहिन्
- योगविक्रय
- योगविचार
- योगविद्
- योगविद्या
- योगविभाग
- योगविवेक
- योगविषय
- योगवृत्तिसंग्रह
- योगशत
- योगशतक
- योगशतकव्याख्यान
- योगशतकाख्यान
- योगशब्द
- योगशरीरिन्
- योगशायिन्
- योगशास्त्र
- योगशिक्षा
- योगशिखा
- योगशिखोपनिषद्
- योगसंसिद्धि
- योगसंग्रह
- योगसमाधि
- योगसागर
- योगसाधन
- योगसार
- योगसिद्ध
- योगसिद्धि
- योगसुधाकर
- योगसुधानिधि
- योगसूत्र
- योगसेवा
- योगस्थ
- योगस्वरोदय
- योगस्वामिन्
- योगहृदय
-
7 अप्सरस् _apsaras
अप्सरस् f. (-राः, रा). [अद्भ्यः सरन्ति उद्गच्छन्ति, सृ-असुन् Uṇ.4.236; cf. Rām. अप्सु निर्मथनादेव रसात्तस्माद्वर- स्त्रियः । उत्पेतुर्मनुजश्रेष्ठ तस्मादप्सरसो$भवन् ॥ A class of female divinities or celestial damsels who reside in the sky and are regarded as the wives of the Gandharvas. They are very fond of bathing, can change their shapes, and are endowed with superhuman power (प्रभाव). They are called स्वर्वेश्याः and are usually described as the servants of Indra, who, when alarmed by the rigorous austerities of some mighty sage, sends down one of them to disturb his penance, and her mission is generally successful; मेनका$प्सरसां श्रेष्ठा महर्षिणां पिता च ते Mb.1.74.75. cf. या तपोविशेषपरिशङ्कितस्य सुकुमारं प्रहरणं महेन्द्रस्य V.1. They are also said to covet heroes who die gloriously on the battle-field; cf. परस्परेण क्षतयोः प्रहर्त्रोरुत्क्रान्तवाय्वोः समकालमेव । अमर्त्यभावे$पि कयोश्चिदासीदेकाप्सरः प्रार्थितयोर्विवादः ॥ R.7.53. Bāṇa mentions 14 different families of these nymphs (see K.136) The word is usually said to be in pl. (स्त्रियां बहुष्वप्सरसः) but the singular, as also the form अप्सराः, sometimes occurs; नियमविघ्नकारिणी मेनका नाम अप्सराः प्रेषिता Ś.1; एकाप्सरः &c. R.7.53 and see Malli. thereon; अनप्सरेव प्रतिभासि V.1.-2 Direction or the intermediate point of the compass (दिक् च उपदिक् च).-Comp. -तीर्थम् N. of a sacred pool in which the Apsarasas bathe; probably it is the name of a place, see Ś.6.-पतिः lord of the Apsarasas, epithet of Indra. N. of the Gandharva शिखण्डिन्; Av.4.37.7. -
8 תמם
תָּמַם(b. h.; v. תָּאַם) (to join, be joined,) to be whole, finished, perfect; to end, be gone. Bekh.44a שתַּמּוּ, v. תִּימוֹז. Gen. R. s. 94 (ref. to התמו, 2 Sam. 20:18) עד כאן תמו דברי תורה are the words of the Lord so far gone (to be ignored)?; Midr. Sam. ch. XXXII על כן תמווכ׳ (corr. acc.). Sabb.55a תַּמָּה זכות אבות the protecting influence of the fathers has ceased. Ber.57a הרואה ת̇מ̇דים בחלום ת̇מ̇ו עונותיו if one sees dates in his dream, his sins are ended (forgiven); a. fr.Cant. R. to V, 2 תַּמָּתִי תַּמּוֹתִיוכ׳ tammathi, read tammothi, I am complete, for they attached themselves, v. infra. Pi. תִּמֵּם to complete, fulfill. Snh.39b לתַמֵּם, v. חִזָּיוֹן I. Hif. הִתְמִים, הֵתֵם 1) to make perfect. Y.Yoma VII, end, 44c תומים שהן מְתִימִּין לפניהםוכ׳ they are called Tummim, because they perfect the way before them. Ned.32a כל המַתְמִים עצמו שעה עומדת לו if one perfects himself (tries to be perfect), time will stand by him (he will succeed in life, with ref. to Gen. 17:1, a. 4). 2) (denom. of תָּמִים) to be upright, frank. Ib. כל המתמים עצמוהקב״ה מתמים עמו if one perfects himself (tries to be upright), God will deal uprightly with him (with ref. to 2 Sam. 22:26); Yalk. Sam. 161; a. e. Nif. נִיתַּם, נִתְמַם; Nithpa. נִתְתַּמֵּם (cmp. שָׁלַם) to be joined; to ally ones self. Ex. R. s. 2 (ref. to תמתי, Cant. 5:2) שנִתְתַּמּוּ עמי בסיני they attached themselves to me at Sinai and said (Ex. 24:7), all that ; Cant. R. l. c. (v. supra) שנִתְמְמוּ (or שנִתַּמְּמוּ); Pesik. Haḥod., p. 47a> שנִיתּמּוּ; Pesik. R. s. 15 שנותמו (corr. acc.). -
9 תָּמַם
תָּמַם(b. h.; v. תָּאַם) (to join, be joined,) to be whole, finished, perfect; to end, be gone. Bekh.44a שתַּמּוּ, v. תִּימוֹז. Gen. R. s. 94 (ref. to התמו, 2 Sam. 20:18) עד כאן תמו דברי תורה are the words of the Lord so far gone (to be ignored)?; Midr. Sam. ch. XXXII על כן תמווכ׳ (corr. acc.). Sabb.55a תַּמָּה זכות אבות the protecting influence of the fathers has ceased. Ber.57a הרואה ת̇מ̇דים בחלום ת̇מ̇ו עונותיו if one sees dates in his dream, his sins are ended (forgiven); a. fr.Cant. R. to V, 2 תַּמָּתִי תַּמּוֹתִיוכ׳ tammathi, read tammothi, I am complete, for they attached themselves, v. infra. Pi. תִּמֵּם to complete, fulfill. Snh.39b לתַמֵּם, v. חִזָּיוֹן I. Hif. הִתְמִים, הֵתֵם 1) to make perfect. Y.Yoma VII, end, 44c תומים שהן מְתִימִּין לפניהםוכ׳ they are called Tummim, because they perfect the way before them. Ned.32a כל המַתְמִים עצמו שעה עומדת לו if one perfects himself (tries to be perfect), time will stand by him (he will succeed in life, with ref. to Gen. 17:1, a. 4). 2) (denom. of תָּמִים) to be upright, frank. Ib. כל המתמים עצמוהקב״ה מתמים עמו if one perfects himself (tries to be upright), God will deal uprightly with him (with ref. to 2 Sam. 22:26); Yalk. Sam. 161; a. e. Nif. נִיתַּם, נִתְמַם; Nithpa. נִתְתַּמֵּם (cmp. שָׁלַם) to be joined; to ally ones self. Ex. R. s. 2 (ref. to תמתי, Cant. 5:2) שנִתְתַּמּוּ עמי בסיני they attached themselves to me at Sinai and said (Ex. 24:7), all that ; Cant. R. l. c. (v. supra) שנִתְמְמוּ (or שנִתַּמְּמוּ); Pesik. Haḥod., p. 47a> שנִיתּמּוּ; Pesik. R. s. 15 שנותמו (corr. acc.). -
10 नरः _narḥ
नरः [नॄ-नये-अच्]1 A man, male person; संयोजयति विद्यैव नीचगापि नरं सरित् । समुद्रमिव दुर्धर्षं नृपं भाग्यमतः परम् ॥ H. Pr.5; Ms.1.96;2.213.-2 A man or piece at chess.-3 The pin of a sun-dial.-4 The Supreme Spirit, the original or eternal man.-5 Man's length (= पुरुष. q. v.).-6 N. of a primitive sage.-7 N. of Ar- juna; see नरनारायण below.-8 A horse.-9 (In gram.) A personal termination.-1 The individual soul (जीवात्मा); Mb.12.28.5.-Comp. -अङ्गः 1 the penis.-2 eruption on the face.-अधमः a wretch, miscreant.-अधिपः, अधिपतिः, -ईशः, -ईश्वरः, -देवः, -पतिः, -पालः a king; नरपतिहितकर्ता द्वेष्यतां याति लोके Pt. नराणां च नराधिपम् Bg.1.27; Ms.7.13; R.2.75;3.42;7.62; Me.39; Y.1.311.-अन्तकः death.-अयनः an epithet of Viṣṇu. नराणामयनं यस्मात् तेन नारायणः स्मृतः Brav.P.-अशः a demon, goblin.-आधारः N. of Śiva. (-रा) the earth.-इतरः 1 a being higher than a man, a god; Bhāg.4.6.9.-2 an animal.-इन्द्रः 1 a king; R.2.18. नरेन्द्रकन्यास्तमवाप्य सत्पतिं तमोनुदं दक्षसुता इवाबभुः 3.33;6.8; Ms.9.253.-2 a physician, dealer in antidotes, curer of poisons; तेषु कश्चि- न्नरेन्द्राभिमानी तां निर्वर्ण्य Dk.51; सुनिग्रहा नरेन्द्रेण फणीन्द्रा इव शत्रवः Śi.2.88. (where the word is used in both senses). ˚मार्गः a high street, main road.-3 a mineralogist; L. D. B.-उत्तमः 1 an epithet of Viṣṇu.-2 of Buddha.-ऋषभः 'the chief of men', a prince, king.-कपालः a man's skull.-कीलकः the murderer of a spiritual preceptor.-केश(स)रिन् m.1 Viṣṇu in his fourth incarnation; cf. नरसिंह below.-2 the chief of men.-चिह्नम् the mous- taches.-देवः 1 the warrior class (क्षत्रिय); शिष्ट्वा वा भूमि- देवानां नरदेवसमागमे Ms.11.82.-2 a king.-धिः the world.-द्विष् m. a demon, goblin; तेन मूर्धानमध्वंसन्नरद्विषः Bk.15. 94.-नारायणः N. of Kṛiṣṇa. (-णौ dual) originally regarded as identical, but in mythology and epic poet- ry, considered as distinct beings, Arjuna being identi- fied with Nara and Kṛiṣṇa with Nārāyaṇa. [In some places they are called देवौ, पूर्वदेवौ, ऋषी or ऋषिसत्तमौ. They are said to have been practising very austere penance on the Himālaya, which excited the fear of Indra, and he sent down several damsels to disturb their aus- terities. But Nārāyaṇa put all of them to shame by creating a nymph called Urvaśī from a flower placed on his thigh who excelled them in beauty; cf. स्थाने खलु नारायणमृषिं विलोभयन्त्यस्तदूरुसंभवामिमां दृष्ट्वा व्रीडिताः सर्वा अप्सरस इति V.1.]-पशुः 'a beast-like man', a beast in human form.-पुङ्गवः 'best of men', an excellent man; शैब्यश्च नरपुङ्गवः Bg.1.5.-बलिः a human sacrifice.-भुज् a. man-eating, cannibal.-भूः f. the Bharatavarṣa, i. e. India.-मानिका, मानिनी, -मालिनी 'manlike woman', a woman with a beard, masculine woman or an amazon.-माला a girdle of skulls.-मेधः a human sacrifice.-यन्त्रम् sun-dial.-यानम्, -रथः, -वाहनम् a vehicle drawn by men, a palanquin; नरयानादवातीर्य Par- ṇāl.4.17; Bhāg.1.59.37.-लोकः 1 'the world of men', the earth, terrestrial world.-2 mankind.-वाहनः an epithet of Kubera; विजयदुन्दुभितां ययुरर्णवा घनरवा नर- वाहनसंपदः R.9.11.-विष्वणः a demon, goblin.-वीरः a brave man, hero.-व्याघ्रः, -शार्दूलः an eminent man.-शृङ्गम् 'man's horn', an impossibility, a chimera, non-entity.-संसर्गः human society.-सखः an epithet of Nārayaṇa; ऊरूद्भवा नरसखस्य मुनेः सुरस्त्री V.1.3.-सिंहः, -हरिः 'man-lion', Viṣṇu in his fourth incarnation; cf. तव करकमलवरे नखमद्भुतशृङ्गं दलितहिरण्यकशिपुतनुभृङ्गम् । केशव धृत- नरहरिरूप जय जगदीश हरे ॥ Gīt.1.-सिंहद्वादशी the 12th day in the light half of फाल्गुन.-स्कन्धः a multi- tude or body of men.-हयम् a fight or enmity between man and horse. -
11 VER
I)n.2) poet. sea; fyrir handan ver, beyond the sea.(gen. pl. -ja), n. case, cover (verit var af guðvefjarpelli).* * *1.n. a case; undir úlfalda verjum, Stj. 181; beðr með þýðeskt ver, D. N. iv. 218; verit var af pelli, Karl. 495; kodda-ver, a pillow-case; sængr-ver, a bed-case.2.n. [akin to vörr; A. S. wær; cp. Engl. weir, usually sounded ware about Oxford still]:—the sea, only used in poets; vestr fór ek of ver, of a journey to England, Höfuðl. 1; fyrir vestan ver (prose, fyrir vestan haf), beyond the ‘western weir,’ i. e. in the British Isles, Hkv. 2. 7; fyrir handan ver, Gkv. 2. 7; fyrir austan ver, east of the sea, i. e. in Norway, Edda (Ht.); um ver, across the sea, Fms. vii. 329 (in a verse): in poët. compds, ver-bál, ver-glóð, ‘sea-fire,’ i. e. gold; ver-fákr, a sea-steed, i. e. a ship.II. a fishing-place, station, for fishing, taking eggs, catching seals, herrings: farmers in Icel. at certain seasons of the year (spring, winter, and autumn) send some of their labourers to out-lying fishing-places (called göra mann út and út-görð); here people meet for fishing from all parts of the island; these fishing-places are called ‘ver;’ maðr hét Glúmr, hann var til vers, he was in a fishing-place, Korm. 142; þar sem menn rjúfa skipan í veri, Jb. 440; they are called ver-menn, m. pl. fishermen; and ver-tíð, f. the fishing season; vor-vertíð, haust-vertíð, vetrar-vertíð, see Icel. Almanack: the phrases, fara í verið, vera í veri; so also the compds, egg-ver, síld-ver, sel-ver, álpta-ver, fisk-ver, the taking eggs, catching herrings, seals, swans, fish, as also of the places where these things are caught; út-ver, an outlying ver: in local names, Álpta-ver, in southern Icel. -
12 Kincob
A very expensive and elaborately ornamented fabric, woven in India for artistic and ceremonial purposes. It is made from all-silk yarns in all colours with gold and silver threads for extra ornament. There are up to seven warps used and many wefts in a large variety of designs. It is seldom that two pieces are alike either in design or quality. Being hand-woven the fabrics resemble embroidery work. Mostly made at Benares, Ahmedabad and Surat. They are used for covering state carriages, thrones, Mussulman jackets, caps, etc. When used for covering presents given by princes they are called rumals, but are not classed with the ordinary rumal. -
13 Comité d'entreprise
Works council. Structure representing the interests of employers and employees within a company or place of work. Comités d'entreprise have been obligatory since 1945 in all companies with 50 employees or more. When a company has more than one site, they are called Comités d'Etablissement. These committees must, by law, meet at periodic intervals, and are the channel through which management normally communicates important information to the workforce. Employers must consult with the committees on a number of major types of development concerning the future of the company, such as restructuring, collective layoffs, or significant changes in work practices. However in such matters the committees have only a consultative role, and cannot impose their view on management. Their main active role is to manage social and cultural activities in the company. Comités d'entreprise are made up of management, elected representatives of the workforce, and sometimes - as non-voting observers - appointed trade union representatives. Elected members serve a term of between 2 and 4 years. Frequently, but by no means always, they are trade union representatives.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Comité d'entreprise
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14 वल्लभाचार्य
vallabhâ̱cāryam. N. of a celebrated Vaishṇava teacher (successor of a less celebrated teacher Vishṇusvāmin;
he was born, it is said, in the forest of Campâraṇya in 1479;
at an early age he travelling to propagate his doctrines, andﾠ at the court of Kṛishṇadeva, king of Vijaya-nagara, succeeded so well in his controversies with the Ṡaivas that the Vaishṇavas chose him as their chief;
he then went to other parts of India, andﾠ finally settled down at Benares, where he composed seventeen works, the most important of which were a commentary on the Vedânta andﾠ Mīmāṇsā Sūtras andﾠ another on the Bhāgavata. Purāṇa, on which last the sect rest their doctrines;
he left behind eighty-four disciples, of each of whom some story is told, andﾠ these stories are often repeated on festive occasions
He taught a non-ascetical view of religion andﾠ deprecated all self-mortification as dishonouring the body which contained a portion of the supreme Spirit. His followers in Bombay andﾠ Gujarat, andﾠ their leaders, are called Mahā-rājas;
they are called the epicureans of India) RTL. 134-137 ;
-vaṉṡâ̱valī f. N. of wk.
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15 כרוב I
כְּרוּבI m. (b. h.; cmp. כְּרַב I; v., however, Schr. KAT2> p. 39; p. 609) ( head, Cherub. Succ.5b; Ḥag.13b מאי כ׳ … כרַבְיָאוכ׳ what is Krub?… ‘Childlike, for in Babylonia they call a child rabia. Ib. והפכו לכ׳ and he changed it (the face of the ox, Ez. 1:10) into that of a Cherub. Ib. היינו פני כ׳וכ׳ the face of the Ch. is the same as that of man, the one being large, the other small. Yoma 77a. Lev. R. s. 32; a. e.Pl. כְּרוּבִים. Tanḥ. ed. Bub. Bresh. 25 לפיכן נקראו כ׳ שהן רבים (read: רוֹבִים v. רוֹבֶה) they are called Ch., because they are young (childlike), v. supra. Yoma 54b ראה הכ׳מעוריםוכ׳ saw the figures of the cherubs twined around each other. Ib. a כ׳ דצורתאוכ׳ painted cherubs were in the Second Temple; a. e. -
16 כְּרוּב
כְּרוּבI m. (b. h.; cmp. כְּרַב I; v., however, Schr. KAT2> p. 39; p. 609) ( head, Cherub. Succ.5b; Ḥag.13b מאי כ׳ … כרַבְיָאוכ׳ what is Krub?… ‘Childlike, for in Babylonia they call a child rabia. Ib. והפכו לכ׳ and he changed it (the face of the ox, Ez. 1:10) into that of a Cherub. Ib. היינו פני כ׳וכ׳ the face of the Ch. is the same as that of man, the one being large, the other small. Yoma 77a. Lev. R. s. 32; a. e.Pl. כְּרוּבִים. Tanḥ. ed. Bub. Bresh. 25 לפיכן נקראו כ׳ שהן רבים (read: רוֹבִים v. רוֹבֶה) they are called Ch., because they are young (childlike), v. supra. Yoma 54b ראה הכ׳מעוריםוכ׳ saw the figures of the cherubs twined around each other. Ib. a כ׳ דצורתאוכ׳ painted cherubs were in the Second Temple; a. e. -
17 Brezel
Bre·zel <-, -n> [ʼbre:tsl̩] fpretzel¿Kultur?Brezeln - pretzels are a south German speciality whose light-coloured dough is turned brown by dipping in a salt solution before baking. They are sprinkled with coarse salt and sold in baker's shops or on pretzel stalls; when spread with butter they are called Butterbrezeln. -
18 Dragles
Cocoons in which the worm has been killed by the disease known as muscardine which sometimes hardens them and at other times reduces them to a white powder. When hardened they are called " comfit cocoons." The quality of the silk is generally excellent and gives greater quantity than from healthy worms. They are much esteemed and fetch a high price, but are fairly scarce. Also known as " Calcined cocoons." -
19 Не смотри на кличку - смотри на птичку
What really counts is if peo ple and things are worthy and good or not, but not what they are calledCf:A polecat is a polecat, no matter what you call it (Am.). A rose by any other name would smell as sweet (Алп., Br.). What good can it do to an ass to be called a lion? (Br.). What's in a name? (Am., Br.)Русско-английский словарь пословиц и поговорок > Не смотри на кличку - смотри на птичку
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20 συνέδριον
συνέδριον, ου, τό (ἕδρα ‘a seat’; Hdt.+; ins, pap, LXX; PsSol 4:1; EpArist 301; Philo, Joseph.—Schürer II 205, 14) a common administrative term① a governing board, council (Posidon.: 87 Fgm. 71 Jac.; Diod S 15, 28, 4; συνέδριον ἐν Ἀθήναις συνεδρεύειν; 19, 46, 4; Ael. Aristid. 13 p. 286 D.; Jos., Ant. 20, 200, Vi. 368; cp. Poland 156–58; New Docs 4, 202)ⓐ of a local council, as it existed in individual cities pl. Mt 10:17; Mk 13:9.ⓑ transferred by Ign. to the Christian situation. The elders (presbyters; cp. CIG 3417 the civic συνέδριον τῶν πρεσβυτέρων in Philadelphia; CCurtius, Her 4, 1870: ins fr. Ephesus nos. 11 and 13 p. 199; 203; 224) are to take the place of the συνέδριον τῶν ἀποστόλων the council of the apostles in the esteem of the church IMg 6:1. They are called συνέδριον θεοῦ ITr 3:1. συνέδριον τοῦ ἐπισκόπου IPhld 8:1.ⓒ the high council in Jerusalem, Sanhedrin, the dominant mng. in our lit. (Joseph. [Schürer II 206, 18]; Hebraized in the Mishnah סַנְהֶדְרִין); in Roman times this was the highest indigenous governing body in Judaea, composed of high priests (ἀρχιερεύς 1bα), elders, and scholars (scribes), and meeting under the presidency of the ruling high priest. This body was the ultimate authority not only in religious matters, but in legal and governmental affairs as well, in so far as it did not encroach on the authority of the Roman procurator. The latter, e. g., had to confirm any death sentences passed by the council. (Schürer II 198–226; MWolff, De Samenstelling en het Karakter van het groote συνέδριον te Jeruzalem voor het jaar 70 n. Chr.: ThT 51, 1917, 299–320;—On the jurisdiction of the council in capital cases s. ἀποκτείνω 1a [J 18:31]. Also KKastner, Jes. vor d. Hoh. Rat 1930; MDibelius, ZNW 30, ’31, 193–201; JLengle, Z. Prozess Jesu: Her 70, ’35, 312–21; EBickermann, RHR 112, ’35, 169–241; ESpringer, PJ 229, ’35, 135–50; JBlinzler, D. Prozess Jesu ’51 [much lit.], 2 ’55, Eng. tr., The Trial of Jesus, I and FMcHugh, ’59 [3d ed. ’60]; JJeremias, ZNW 43, ’50/51, 145–50; PWinter, On the Trial of Jesus, in Studia Judaica I, ’61.—SZeitlin, Who Crucified Jesus? ’42; on this s. CBQ 5, ’43, 232–34; ibid. 6, ’44, 104–10; 230–35; SZeitlin, The Political Synedrion and the Religious Sanhedrin, ’45. Against him HWolfson, JQR 36, ’46, 303–36; s. Zeitlin, ibid. 307–15; JDerrett, Law in the NT, ’70, 389–460; DCatchpole, The Problem of the Historicity of the Sanhedrin Trial: SHoenig, The Great Sanhedrin, ’53; CFD Moule Festschr. ’70, 47–65; JFitzmyer, AB: Luke 1468–70 [lit.].—On Jesus before the council s. also Feigel, Weidel, Finegan s.v. Ἰούδας 6). Mt 5:22 (RGuelich, ZNW 64, ’73, 43ff); 26:59; Mk 14:55; 15:1; Lk 22:66 (perh.; s. below); Ac 5:21, 27, 34, 41; 6:12, 15; 22:30; 23:1, 6, 15, 20, 28 (on the probability of ref. in vv. 20 and 28 to a locality s. κατάγω and 3, below); 24:20.② an official session of a council, council meeting (cp. Diod S 13, 111, 1 συναγαγὼν συνέδριον, of a circle of friends). Of the Sanhedrin συνήγαγον οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι συνέδριον the high priests and the Pharisees called a meeting of the council J 11:47.③ council meeting room, meeting room (SIG 243 D, 47; 249 II, 77f; 252, 71; POxy 717, 8; 11 [II B.C.]; BGU 540, 25) of the Sanhedrin Ac 4:15; perh. (s. 1 above) Lk 22:66 (GSchneider, Verleugnung etc. [Lk 22:54–71], ’69); Ac 23:20, 28.—Pauly-W. II 8, 1333–53; Kl. Pauly V 456; DBS XI 1353–1413; BHHW II 740f.—DELG s.v. ἕζομαι B 2. M-M. EDNT. TW.
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